The moral and spiritual consequences of humanity's sin are described as what?

The correct answer—depravity and alienation—reflects the comprehensive understanding of the impact of humanity's sin within many theological frameworks, particularly in Christian thought.

Depravity refers to the state of moral corruption and the inherent sinful nature that all humans possess as a result of sin entering the world. This concept signifies that sin affects not only individual actions but the very nature of humanity, leading to a tendency toward wrongdoing and moral failures.

Alienation describes the separation from God and others that sin creates. When humanity sins, it disrupts the intended relationship with God, fostering a sense of distance and estrangement that can affect interpersonal relationships as well. This alienation is significant, as it emphasizes the breakdown of trust and connection due to sin, which can manifest in social fragmentation and spiritual disconnection.

While fear and doubt, isolation and depression, and confusion and hate each describe certain emotional or psychological effects that may arise from sin, they do not encapsulate the broader theological implications of human nature's corruption and the relational distance from God that sin produces. Consequently, the terms depravity and alienation provide a more precise understanding of the moral and spiritual consequences as traditionally discussed in Christian teaching.